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國際貿易法 international trade laws
#68
WTO將制定數據貿易的國際規則
https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/politicsaeconom...00-21.html

世界貿易組織(WTO)將制定數據貿易的國際性規則。如果國家通過對個人和企業的信息審查等措施過度介入數據貿易的話,將導致競爭環境扭曲,WTO力爭禁止國家要求企業公開數據。此舉被認為意識到了加強數據管理的中國等國。在經濟活動的中心正在從貨物和服務向數據轉移的背景下,WTO將首次制定數據貿易領域的規則。

WTO之所以將加緊制定新規則是因為這樣下去無法維持數據市場的秩序。WTO在制定貿易規則方面停滯不前,美國雖然威脅稱可能退出WTO,但是對於構建包括中國在內的安全的數據貿易環境持積極態度。

由日本、美國、歐盟(EU)、澳大利亞和新加坡等對制定數據貿易規則態度積極的有志國主導,1月數十個國家宣佈將共同制定相關規則。

結合將在瑞士召開的世界經濟論壇年會(達沃斯會議),WTO將召開各國的部長級和事務級官員匯集的非正式會議。最早將在2019年年中正式啟動談判,力爭2020年引入新規則。

數據貿易的範圍正在擴大。不僅限於貨物和服務的交易,還存在將歐洲設計的新款車數據傳輸到中國工廠,在日本開展營銷等事例。數據已成為業務不可或缺的基礎,制定數據規則成為當務之急,但也存在強化國家管理的國家。

中國於2017年制定的《網路安全法》,禁止外國企業把在中國境內收集的客戶信息和當地法人的個人信息數據轉移到境外。美國谷歌曾經因為拒絕接受中國的相關規定而退出大陸市場。如果國家過度強化數據管理,將扭曲國際的業務環境。

關於作為項目設計圖的源代碼和實行步驟的算法,日本提議禁止國家要求企業公開機密信息。歐美也保持一致步調。力爭獲得其他國家的支持,引入多邊規則。

對於進駐本國的企業,力爭引入禁止強制企業使用特定標準和密碼的規則。如果國家迫使企業使用特定標準,不僅將增加企業的負擔,還有觀點擔憂將導致個人和企業的重要數據洩露。
WTO曾被稱認為是「貿易的守護者」,但現在在多邊規則制定方面陷入僵局。美國批評WTO功能不完善。如果在制定數據規則方面失敗的話,預計WTO無用的論調在全球將出現升溫。
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國際貿易法 international trade laws - by 845 - 02-15-2017, 02:24 PM
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